Introduction to LaTeX Workshop

LaTeX Basics¶

Introduction¶

LaTeX is a typesetting system that allows you to focus on your content instead of formatting - formatting is done separately from entry.

You tell LaTeX “what it is” not “how it looks.”

LaTeX using Overleaf¶

Create documents via a cloud based account
Source code or rich text format
Collaborating and sharing documents
Versioning and track changes
Templates for a variety of documents and publishers
Link with other tools in your research workflow
Pro account with your berkeley.edu address

Example¶

Look at the template below to get a sense of how Overleaf works. On the left side, the content is written in LaTeX. On the right side, the rendered document.

Structure of a document¶

Term	Description	Example
Command	Control sequence which performs an action	`\newpage`
Preamble	Block of commands that define the type of document you are writing, the language you are writing in, the packages you would like to use. Comes before `\begin{document}`	`\documentclass{article}`
Package	Enable you to create bibliographies, insert images and figures, and write formulas.	`\usepackage{amsmath}`
Environment	Block of code with specific behavior depending on its type	`\begin{}` & `\end{}`
Body	Content of document enclosed inside an environment	`\begin{document}`

Basic Commands¶

Bold: \textbf{example}
Italics : \textit{example}
Underline: \underline{example}

Font typefaces: Change font designations in preamble. More information about fonts and typefaces: https://v2.overleaf.com/learn/Font_typefaces

Make Title¶

The simplest option for making a title is to use the \maketitle command which draws from the following declarations within the preamble: \author \date \thanks \title

Lists¶

Use the \begin{itemize}...\end{itemize} environment to create unnumbered lists.

Use the \begin{enumerate}...\end{enumerate} environment to create numbered lists.

Accessible PDFs¶

Take steps to create an accessible PDF when you initiate a new project. The main considerations:

Tagging assists screen readers, differentiating elements like headers, body text, figures, and equations.
Descriptions are required for particular content elements.
- Images: provide alternative or alt-text for images and figures. More information follows below.
- Tables: add \tagpdfsetup to describe table structure before the \tabular environment.

In this section, we introduce the text below to enable tagging essential for an accessible PDF. More content-specific information follows in later sections.

\DocumentMetadata{tagging=on,
    tagging-setup={math/setup=mathml-SE},
    pdfstandard=ua-2,
    lang=en-US
}

[Information from Overleaf on Creating accessible PDFs in LaTeX:] (https://docs.overleaf.com/writing-and-editing/creating-accessible-pdfs)
[More in-depth documentation from the LaTeX Tagging Project:] (https://latex3.github.io/tagging-project/documentation/usage-instructions)

Exercise¶

Mathematics and Equations¶

Simple Operators, Subscripts, Superscripts & More¶

To render simple equations, you also need to know syntax and commands for operators, relations, subscripts, superscripts, and fractions.

Operators & Relations:¶

+, -, =, >, < work as expected. Here are some other commands:

Command	Display
`\times`	$\times$
`\div`	$\div$
`\geq`	$\geq$
`\neq`	$\neq$
`\pm`	±
`\leq`	$\leq$
`\cdot`	$\cdot$
`\approx`	$\approx$

Basic Math¶

To display math inline with text, place formula or symbol in between $:

$x + y = z$ renders inline: $x + y = z$

Display mode \[ x + y = z \] or $$ x + y = z $$ will center the equation on its own line:

x + y = z

(1)

Subscript: use the underscore (_) / Superscript: use the carret (^)

If the subscript or superscript includes more than one character, enclose it in curly brackets--otherwise the command applies only to the first character.

Example: $x^n+1$ gives $x^n+1$ but $x^{n+1}$ gives $x^{n+1}$

Fractions:

To display a fraction, use the command \frac followed by the numerator and denominator in curly brackets.

Example: \frac{1}{x} gives $\frac{1}{x}$

Next Steps: Greek Letters, Integrals & More¶

Greek Letters¶

Many equations and formulas use Greek letters. The command is simple - just the backslash and the name of the letter. Capitalize the command to get the capital letter. Here are some examples:

Command	Display	Command	Display	Command	Display
`\alpha`	$\alpha$	`\lambda`	$\lambda$	`\rho`	$\rho$
`\beta`	$\beta$	`\Lambda`	$\Lambda$	`\sigma`	$\sigma$
`\Gamma`	$\Gamma$	`\mu`	$\mu$	`\\hi`	$\Phi$
`\delta`	$\delta$	`\pi`	$\pi$	`\omega`	$\omega$
`\Delta`	$\Delta$			`\Omega`	$\Omega$

Greek letters that are the same in English are an exception, for example, use A for Alpha, B for Beta, Z for Zeta. For more commands, see the Overleaf list of Greek letters.

Limits & Integrals¶

There are also commands for common operations that take upper and lower bounds:

Limits:

\[
lim_{x \to \infty} f(x) 
\]

results in

lim_{x \to \infty} f(x)

Integrals:

\[  
\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx 
\]

results in

\int_{a}^{b} x^2 dx

More Advanced: Math Packages¶

amsmath & amssymb Packages¶

LaTeX has many packages that you can use to extend its capabilities. The amsmath and amssymb packages provide you with additional symbols and commands for structuring equations.

To include them, add these commands to the preamble of your LaTeX document: \usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

amsmath: Equations Environment¶

Use the \begin{equation}...\end{equation} command to include a numbered equation in display mode.

\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial s}{\partial t}
\end{equation}

results in

\frac{\partial Q}{\partial t} = \frac{\partial s}{\partial t}

Exercise¶

Exercise 2: Mathematical Equations

Objective: Experiment with mathematical notations in LaTeX.

Add the following paragraph under that section using “inline” math commands:

“We know the initial pressure $P_0 = 7.00 \times 10^5 Pa$ , the initial temperature $T_0 = 18.0 ^{\circ}C$ , and the final temperature $T_f = 35.0 ^{\circ}C$ .”

Recreate this text in your document:
A quadratic equation is an equation of the form $ax^2 + bx + c = 0$ and such equations can be solved using the quadratic formula:

x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}

Additional challenges

Recreate this equation in your document:

i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\psi = \hat{H}\psi

Recreate this equation in your document:

\frac{d\sigma}{d\lambda}= \left|\frac{2\mu}{\hbar^2}\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{sin(\Delta kr)}{\Delta kr}V(r)r^2dr\right|^2

Creating Bibliographies in LaTeX¶

Objective: Learn the basic commands to create and edit in-text citations and bibliographies

Getting started with a `.bib` file¶

In order to include in-text citations and a bibliography, the document needs to refer to a .bib file. There are three ways to include a .bib file in a project in Overleaf.

Upload your own .bib file that you create or export from a citation manager.
Link to a URL (.bib).
Sync your Overleaf account with Zotero.

If you are working in a traditional LaTeX editor, locate the .bib file in the directory.

What does a citation in a .bib file look like?

@article{drachen2016sharing,
  title = {Sharing data increases citations},
  author={Drachen, Thean and Ellegaard, Ole and Larsen,
  Asger and Dorch, S{\o}ren},
  journal={Liber Quarterly},
  volume={26},
  number={2},
  year={2016},
  url={https://doi.org/10.18352/lq.10149},
}

@misc{fsci2021,
  author={Teplitzky, Samantha, and Tranfield, Wynn},
  title={Introduction to Open and Reproducible Practices in 
  {Earth Sciences}},
  maintitle={Case Studies in the {Earth Sciences: Current} 
  Approaches to publishing, data and computation},
  eventtitle={{Force 11 Scholary Communication Institute (FSCI)}},
  venue={Virtual},
  eventdate={2021-07-27/2021-08-03},
}

Key: The citation key is the internal label inside the \cite{} command used to call in a citation or reference a source.

Example: To cite Drachen 2016 within your text, type \cite{drachen2016sharing}

Bibliography Packages¶

We will use the biblatex package to generate in-text citations and bibliographies. Biblatex is a flexible package for generating citations.

When adding a bibligraphy, you will need to add commands to the preamble.

Commands required for the preamble:

\usepackage[backend=biber,style=apa]{biblatex}

The above syntax calls in the biblatex package.
backend=biber defines Biber as the interface between the .bib data file and the LaTeX document.
style=apa sets your citation rules to APA style (this can be swapped for ieee, mla, nature, etc.).

\addbibresource{example.bib}

The above command calls in the .bib file, which has the citation information for in-text citations and the bibliography.

In an article or book chapter, the command \printbibliography inserts the bibliography, which will contain citations referenced in the text.

Find more information visit the Overleaf page on bibliography management.

In-text citations¶

Command	Description
`\cite{}`	bare citation command (according to style)
`\parencite{}`	parenthetical citation
`\citeauthor{}`	prints author name(s)
`\textcite{}`	prints authors followed by a citation label enclosed in ()
`\nocite{*}`	prints publication in bibliography without a citation
`\citeyear{}`	prints only the year field

Examples¶

Command	Result
`\cite{knyazeva_duplex_2013}`	Knyazeva and Pohl 2013
`\parencite{singh_2013}`	(Singh et al. 2013)
`\citeauthor{campbell_how_2011}`	Campbell and Cabrera
`\textcite{elsabbagh_microstructure_2014}`	Elsabbagh, Hamouda, and Taha (2014)

Exercise¶

Exercise 3: Adding a Bibliography

Objective: Learn to create, edit or upload a .bib file, use basic citation commands, and display a bibliography.

Step 1: Create a .bib file and add references

Create a new file within your Overleaf project (click on the New file paper icon in the upper left) and name it references.bib

Search for these three articles and books in Google Scholar and locate their BibTeX formatted citations by clicking on the quotations marks and then selecting BibTeX.
- 10.1126/science.1214319
- Hydraulic power system analysis
- 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094418

Paste each citation completely within your .bib file. (No preamble code is needed).

Step 2: Displaying the bibliography

To display bibliography in author-year style convention, add package and style command to preamble:

\usepackage[backend=biber,style=authoryear]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{references.bib}

And use these commands within document:

\printbibliography \nocite{*}

Step 3: Practicing citation commands

Try using citation commands to recreate the sentence below:

“In the example provided, Weber et al. 2012 describes the experiment, but Akers, Gassman, and Smith contradict these conclusions.”

Commands needed: \cite{}, \citeauthor{}

For additional examples and more information, please visit Overleaf’s page on bibliography management in LaTeX

Figures and Images¶

Uploading a figure or images¶

Incorporating images and figures into your Overleaf project is best accomplished by creating your figures, particularly graphs and plots, outside of Overleaf and then importing them into Overleaf.

Click on the “upload” icon and navigate to the location of your figure.

Image Placement¶

Images and figures require a graphics package.

Include \usepackage{graphicx} in the preamble of your document.
Within the text, place the image using the command \includegraphics{filename.jpg}.

Image Description and Alt text¶

Additional specifiers can be added to resize image and to add descriptive text.

Express size a proportion of linewidth: width=0.25\linewidth
Add description: alt={image of cat typing on computer}
Put it all together: \includegraphics[width=0.25\linewidth,alt={image of cat typing on computer}]{filename.jpg}

Exercise¶

Figure Placement

Designate figure position Use b, t, h to see within the figure environment to determine or override placement. You might need to add additional text in the document to see how the figure placement varies.

Use the following specifiers to adjust the placement of your figures.

Specifier	Description
h	Place the float here: approximately, not exactly, at the same point it occurs in the source text
t	Position at the top of the page
b	Position at the bottom of the page
p	Put on a special page for floats only
!	Override internal parameters LaTeX uses for determining "good" float positions
H	Places the float at precisely the location in the LaTeX code. Requires the float package. This is somewhat equivalent to h!

\begin{figure}[b]
\centering
\caption{Gratuitous cat picture to demonstrate image commands}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{keyboard_cat}
\end{figure}

Compare your LaTeX code to the solutions at: https://www.overleaf.com/read/hsjrcdzkndvd to troubleshoot.

Introduction to LaTeX Workshop

LaTeX Basics¶

Introduction¶

LaTeX using Overleaf¶

Example¶

Structure of a document¶

Basic Commands¶

Make Title¶

Lists¶

Accessible PDFs¶

Exercise¶

Mathematics and Equations¶

Simple Operators, Subscripts, Superscripts & More¶

Operators & Relations:¶

Basic Math¶

Next Steps: Greek Letters, Integrals & More¶

Greek Letters¶

Limits & Integrals¶

More Advanced: Math Packages¶

amsmath & amssymb Packages¶

amsmath: Equations Environment¶

Exercise¶

Creating Bibliographies in LaTeX¶

Getting started with a .bib file¶

Bibliography Packages¶

In-text citations¶

Examples¶

Exercise¶

Figures and Images¶

Uploading a figure or images¶

Image Placement¶

Image Description and Alt text¶

Exercise¶

Getting started with a `.bib` file¶