CrossRef API#

Searching for scientific articles using an API (application programming interface) allows you to extract data from publisher platforms and databases. With an API, you can create programmatic searches of a citation database, extract statistical data, or query and manipulate your results within a Notebook.

In this module, we will learn to use the Crossref API to search for and analyze scientific articles.

What is Crossref?#

Crossref is a non-profit organization that helps to provides access to scientific literature. Crossref “makes research outputs easy to find, cite, link, and assess” (https://www.crossref.org/).

Crossref data on scientific publications essentially consists of three elements:
1) Metadata about a publication
2) A URL link to the article
3) A document identifier (doi)

At present Crossref contains information on 80 million scientific publications including articles, books and book chapters.

Installing Packages#

First we will install packages that will be useful to us as we explore the Crossref API. When importing a package into Jupyter Notebook, we use the command pip install ... to download a package into Jupyter Notebook.

We then use the command import (package name) to use our new package in our code.

# just run this cell

!pip install habanero
#To use Crossref API in Python, we need to import the habanero package
import habanero
from habanero import Crossref
from collections import Counter # for easy counting
import ast # for string to dictionary conversion
import pandas as pd # for data manipulation
import numpy as np # for array manipulation
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for data visualization
%matplotlib inline 
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WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.1; however, version 21.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/anaconda3/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

Analysis using Crossref API#

In the sections below, we will walk through the basics of Crossref.

Data can be accessed using the python packages habanero, crossrefapi, and crossref-commons installed above. In this , we’ll be focusing on the functionality of the habanero package.

Exploring a Crossref query#

In the cells below, we walk through using Crossref and exploring the data it gives us. To create an object that takes on the Crossref identity, we assign it to the variable cr.

cr = Crossref() # create a crossref object

The main function we will use is called cr.works(). This function takes in a query name. As an example, we’ll use the search term “permafrost”.

In order to save this output, we’ll assign it to the variable name permafrost.

# query for the term "permafrost"
permafrost = cr.works(query = "permafrost")

If we inspect permafrost, we can see that it is a dictionary. A dictionary is a type of data structure that is indexed by keys.

type(permafrost)
dict

In the cell below, try creating your own query for a different search term. Make sure to save it to a variable! For now, limit your search term to a single word.

#Example: 
query1 = cr.works(query = "your query")

Keys, Indexes, Metadata#

A dictionary contains key-value pairs, and we can access the values by calling on the keys. In our permafrost dictionary, we can inspect the keys and take a look at the values that it contains.

list(permafrost.keys())
['status', 'message-type', 'message-version', 'message']

Above, we can see that there are 4 different keys in our permafrost dictionary. We will focus on the values for the message key. In the cell below, we are accessing the values by indexing into the dictionary by the given keys.

permafrost['message']
{'facets': {},
 'total-results': 8218,
 'items': [{'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 15]],
    'date-time': '2020-04-15T02:44:23Z',
    'timestamp': 1586918663309},
   'reference-count': 18,
   'publisher': 'Wiley',
   'issue': '2',
   'license': [{'URL': 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1',
     'start': {'date-parts': [[2015, 9, 1]],
      'date-time': '2015-09-01T00:00:00Z',
      'timestamp': 1441065600000},
     'delay-in-days': 1911,
     'content-version': 'tdm'}],
   'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
   'short-container-title': ['Permafrost Periglac. Process.'],
   'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.695',
   'type': 'journal-article',
   'created': {'date-parts': [[2010, 6, 8]],
    'date-time': '2010-06-08T11:53:41Z',
    'timestamp': 1275998021000},
   'page': '215-218',
   'source': 'Crossref',
   'is-referenced-by-count': 5,
   'title': ['Report from the international permafrost association: the IPY permafrost legacy'],
   'prefix': '10.1002',
   'volume': '21',
   'author': [{'given': 'Jerry',
     'family': 'Brown',
     'sequence': 'first',
     'affiliation': []}],
   'member': '311',
   'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2010, 6, 8]]},
   'reference': [{'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB1|cit1',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '463',
     'DOI': '10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01853.x',
     'article-title': 'Geographical aspects of the First International Polar Year',
     'volume': '73',
     'author': 'Barr',
     'year': '1983',
     'journal-title': 'Annals of the Association of American Geographers'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB2|cit2',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '417',
     'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.668',
     'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN)',
     'volume': '20',
     'author': 'Bonnaventure',
     'year': '2009',
     'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB3|cit3',
     'unstructured': 'Brown J 2004 The Thermal State of Permafrost: An IPA Contribution to the International Polar Year and Year of Planet Earth Frozen Ground The News Bulletin of the IPA 3 5'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB4|cit4',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '255',
     'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.618',
     'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: State of Permafrost in the First Decade of the 21st Century',
     'volume': '19',
     'author': 'Brown',
     'year': '2008',
     'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB5|cit5',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '393',
     'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.632',
     'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Ninth International Conference on Permafrost and IPA Council Meetings',
     'volume': '19',
     'author': 'Brown',
     'year': '2008a',
     'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB6|cit6',
     'author': 'Brown',
     'first-page': '199',
     'year': '2008b',
     'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB7|cit7',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '209',
     'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.590',
     'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Education and outreach for the International Polar Year',
     'volume': '18',
     'author': 'Christiansen',
     'year': '2007',
     'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB8|cit8',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '27',
     'DOI': '10.5194/essdd-3-27-2010',
     'article-title': 'NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database - a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy',
     'volume': '3',
     'author': 'Juliussen',
     'year': '2010',
     'journal-title': 'Earth System Science Data Discussions'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB9|cit9',
     'year': '2008',
     'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB10|cit10',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': '229',
     'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.648',
     'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Carbon pools in permafrost regions',
     'volume': '20',
     'author': 'Kuhry',
     'year': '2009',
     'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB11|cit11',
     'unstructured': 'Overduin PP Couture N 2007 The 6 th ACD Workshop, 22-26 October 2006, University of Groningen, Netherlands Reports on Polar and Marine Research 100'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB12|cit12',
     'unstructured': 'Parsons MA Smith S Christiansen H 2007 Building the IPA-IPY Data Legacy: An Editorial Frozen Ground'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB13|cit13',
     'author': 'Ray',
     'first-page': '695pp',
     'year': '1885',
     'volume-title': 'Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB14|cit14',
     'author': 'Romanovsky',
     'first-page': '181',
     'year': '2007',
     'volume-title': 'Global Outlook for Ice and Snow'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB15|cit15',
     'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
     'first-page': 'GB2023',
     'DOI': '10.1029/2008GB003327',
     'article-title': 'Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region',
     'volume': '23',
     'author': 'Tarnocai',
     'year': '2009',
     'journal-title': 'Global Geochemical Cycles'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB16|cit16',
     'author': 'Vonder Muhll',
     'first-page': '1869',
     'year': '2008',
     'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB17|cit17',
     'author': 'Wood',
     'first-page': '1957',
     'year': '2008',
     'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
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     'first-page': '14',
     'article-title': 'Circumpolar permafrost monitoring program',
     'volume': '27',
     'author': 'Yoshikawa',
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     'journal-title': 'Earth Scientist'}],
   'container-title': ['Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'],
   'language': 'en',
   'link': [{'URL': 'https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fppp.695',
     'content-type': 'unspecified',
     'content-version': 'vor',
     'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
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     'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
   'deposited': {'date-parts': [[2019, 3, 1]],
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   'issn-type': [{'value': '1045-6740', 'type': 'print'},
    {'value': '1099-1530', 'type': 'electronic'}],
   'subject': ['Earth-Surface Processes']},
  {'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2020, 6, 9]],
    'date-time': '2020-06-09T16:12:27Z',
    'timestamp': 1591719147608},
   'publisher-location': 'Cham',
   'reference-count': 308,
   'publisher': 'Springer International Publishing',
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    'crossmark-restriction': False},
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   'page': '275-366',
   'update-policy': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy',
   'source': 'Crossref',
   'is-referenced-by-count': 0,
   'title': ['Permafrost in Transition'],
   'prefix': '10.1007',
   'author': [{'given': 'J.',
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     'unstructured': 'Biskaborn BK, Smith SL, Noetzli J, Matthes H, Vieira G, Streletskiy DA, Schoeneich P, Romanovsky VE, Lewkowicz AG, Abramov A (2019) Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun 10(1):264',
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     'unstructured': '(1974). General Geocryology (in Russian). Nauka, Novosibirsk, 292 pp.',
     'volume-title': 'General Geocryology (in Russian)'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.3430040203-BIB17',
     'author': 'Priesnitz',
     'year': '1978',
     'unstructured': 'and (1978). An approach to the ecology of permafrost in Central Iceland. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Permafrost, 10–13 July 1978, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. NRC, Ottawa. Vol. 1, pp. 473–479.'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.3430040203-BIB18',
     'author': 'Rubinstein',
     'first-page': '268',
     'year': '1966',
     'unstructured': 'and (1966). Present Climatic Changes (in Russian). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 268 pp.',
     'volume-title': 'Present Climatic Changes (in Russian)'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.3430040203-BIB19',
     'author': 'Sinitsyn',
     'first-page': '248',
     'year': '1980',
     'unstructured': '(1980). Introduction to Palaeoclimatic Studies (in Russian). 2nd edn, Nedra, Leningrad, 248 pp.',
     'volume-title': 'Introduction to Palaeoclimatic Studies (in Russian)'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.3430040203-BIB20',
     'author': 'Tarling',
     'first-page': '16',
     'year': '1980',
     'unstructured': '(1980). Geology and geophysics of glaciations. In Ismenenie klimata (Russian translation from English). Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, pp. 16–44.',
     'volume-title': 'Ismenenie klimata'},
    {'key': '10.1002/ppp.3430040203-BIB21',
     'author': 'Velichko',
     'first-page': '256',
     'year': '1973',
     'unstructured': '(1973). Natural Processes in the Pleistocene (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, 256 pp.',
     'volume-title': 'Natural Processes in the Pleistocene (in Russian)'}],
   'container-title': ['Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'],
   'language': 'en',
   'link': [{'URL': 'https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fppp.3430040203',
     'content-type': 'unspecified',
     'content-version': 'vor',
     'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
    {'URL': 'https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp.3430040203',
     'content-type': 'unspecified',
     'content-version': 'vor',
     'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
   'deposited': {'date-parts': [[2018, 8, 4]],
    'date-time': '2018-08-04T20:55:53Z',
    'timestamp': 1533416153000},
   'score': 15.334935,
   'issued': {'date-parts': [[1993, 4]]},
   'references-count': 21,
   'journal-issue': {'published-print': {'date-parts': [[1993, 4]]},
    'issue': '2'},
   'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430040203',
   'relation': {'cites': []},
   'ISSN': ['1045-6740', '1099-1530'],
   'issn-type': [{'value': '1045-6740', 'type': 'print'},
    {'value': '1099-1530', 'type': 'electronic'}]}],
 'items-per-page': 20,
 'query': {'start-index': 0, 'search-terms': 'permafrost'}}

This dictionary is nested, meaning that we can have keys that lead to values which are more dictionaries. It seems like the message contains most of the information we’re interested in. Below, take a look at the keys of the message component of the permafrost dictionary.

list(permafrost['message'].keys()) # keys of the permafrost message dictionary
['facets', 'total-results', 'items', 'items-per-page', 'query']

Just as we did before, we can inspect what information is contained for different keys of the dictionary. Let’s focus on total results first.

# This tells us the total number of results from our query
permafrost['message']['total-results']
8218
permafrost['message']['items-per-page'] # tells us how many items per page 
20
permafrost['message']['query'] # details about our query
{'start-index': 0, 'search-terms': 'permafrost'}
permafrost['message']['items'] # the items of our query
[{'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2020, 4, 15]],
   'date-time': '2020-04-15T02:44:23Z',
   'timestamp': 1586918663309},
  'reference-count': 18,
  'publisher': 'Wiley',
  'issue': '2',
  'license': [{'URL': 'http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1',
    'start': {'date-parts': [[2015, 9, 1]],
     'date-time': '2015-09-01T00:00:00Z',
     'timestamp': 1441065600000},
    'delay-in-days': 1911,
    'content-version': 'tdm'}],
  'content-domain': {'domain': [], 'crossmark-restriction': False},
  'short-container-title': ['Permafrost Periglac. Process.'],
  'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.695',
  'type': 'journal-article',
  'created': {'date-parts': [[2010, 6, 8]],
   'date-time': '2010-06-08T11:53:41Z',
   'timestamp': 1275998021000},
  'page': '215-218',
  'source': 'Crossref',
  'is-referenced-by-count': 5,
  'title': ['Report from the international permafrost association: the IPY permafrost legacy'],
  'prefix': '10.1002',
  'volume': '21',
  'author': [{'given': 'Jerry',
    'family': 'Brown',
    'sequence': 'first',
    'affiliation': []}],
  'member': '311',
  'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2010, 6, 8]]},
  'reference': [{'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB1|cit1',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '463',
    'DOI': '10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01853.x',
    'article-title': 'Geographical aspects of the First International Polar Year',
    'volume': '73',
    'author': 'Barr',
    'year': '1983',
    'journal-title': 'Annals of the Association of American Geographers'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB2|cit2',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '417',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.668',
    'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN)',
    'volume': '20',
    'author': 'Bonnaventure',
    'year': '2009',
    'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB3|cit3',
    'unstructured': 'Brown J 2004 The Thermal State of Permafrost: An IPA Contribution to the International Polar Year and Year of Planet Earth Frozen Ground The News Bulletin of the IPA 3 5'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB4|cit4',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '255',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.618',
    'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: State of Permafrost in the First Decade of the 21st Century',
    'volume': '19',
    'author': 'Brown',
    'year': '2008',
    'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB5|cit5',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '393',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.632',
    'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Ninth International Conference on Permafrost and IPA Council Meetings',
    'volume': '19',
    'author': 'Brown',
    'year': '2008a',
    'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB6|cit6',
    'author': 'Brown',
    'first-page': '199',
    'year': '2008b',
    'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB7|cit7',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '209',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.590',
    'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Education and outreach for the International Polar Year',
    'volume': '18',
    'author': 'Christiansen',
    'year': '2007',
    'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB8|cit8',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '27',
    'DOI': '10.5194/essdd-3-27-2010',
    'article-title': 'NORPERM, the Norwegian Permafrost Database - a TSP NORWAY IPY legacy',
    'volume': '3',
    'author': 'Juliussen',
    'year': '2010',
    'journal-title': 'Earth System Science Data Discussions'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB9|cit9',
    'year': '2008',
    'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB10|cit10',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '229',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.648',
    'article-title': 'Report from the International Permafrost Association: Carbon pools in permafrost regions',
    'volume': '20',
    'author': 'Kuhry',
    'year': '2009',
    'journal-title': 'Permafrost and Periglacial Processes'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB11|cit11',
    'unstructured': 'Overduin PP Couture N 2007 The 6 th ACD Workshop, 22-26 October 2006, University of Groningen, Netherlands Reports on Polar and Marine Research 100'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB12|cit12',
    'unstructured': 'Parsons MA Smith S Christiansen H 2007 Building the IPA-IPY Data Legacy: An Editorial Frozen Ground'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB13|cit13',
    'author': 'Ray',
    'first-page': '695pp',
    'year': '1885',
    'volume-title': 'Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB14|cit14',
    'author': 'Romanovsky',
    'first-page': '181',
    'year': '2007',
    'volume-title': 'Global Outlook for Ice and Snow'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB15|cit15',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': 'GB2023',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2008GB003327',
    'article-title': 'Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region',
    'volume': '23',
    'author': 'Tarnocai',
    'year': '2009',
    'journal-title': 'Global Geochemical Cycles'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB16|cit16',
    'author': 'Vonder Muhll',
    'first-page': '1869',
    'year': '2008',
    'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB17|cit17',
    'author': 'Wood',
    'first-page': '1957',
    'year': '2008',
    'volume-title': 'Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost'},
   {'key': '10.1002/ppp.695-BIB18|cit18',
    'first-page': '14',
    'article-title': 'Circumpolar permafrost monitoring program',
    'volume': '27',
    'author': 'Yoshikawa',
    'year': '2008',
    'journal-title': 'Earth Scientist'}],
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  'language': 'en',
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    'content-type': 'unspecified',
    'content-version': 'vor',
    'intended-application': 'text-mining'},
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    'content-type': 'unspecified',
    'content-version': 'vor',
    'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}],
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   'date-time': '2019-03-01T04:55:09Z',
   'timestamp': 1551416109000},
  'score': 16.389135,
  'issued': {'date-parts': [[2010, 6, 8]]},
  'references-count': 18,
  'journal-issue': {'issue': '2'},
  'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.695',
  'relation': {'cites': []},
  'ISSN': ['1045-6740', '1099-1530'],
  'issn-type': [{'value': '1045-6740', 'type': 'print'},
   {'value': '1099-1530', 'type': 'electronic'}],
  'subject': ['Earth-Surface Processes']},
 {'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2020, 6, 9]],
   'date-time': '2020-06-09T16:12:27Z',
   'timestamp': 1591719147608},
  'publisher-location': 'Cham',
  'reference-count': 308,
  'publisher': 'Springer International Publishing',
  'isbn-type': [{'value': '9783030313784', 'type': 'print'},
   {'value': '9783030313791', 'type': 'electronic'}],
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    'start': {'date-parts': [[2020, 1, 1]],
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  'source': 'Crossref',
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  'title': ['Permafrost in Transition'],
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  'author': [{'given': 'J.',
    'family': 'van Huissteden',
    'sequence': 'first',
    'affiliation': []}],
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  'reference': [{'issue': '12',
    'key': '5_CR1',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '4570',
    'DOI': '10.1111/gcb.13069',
    'volume': '21',
    'author': 'BW Abbott',
    'year': '2015',
    'unstructured': 'Abbott BW, Jones JB (2015) Permafrost collapse alters soil carbon stocks, respiration, CH4, and N2O in upland tundra. Glob Chang Biol 21(12):4570–4587',
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   {'issue': '2',
    'key': '5_CR2',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2011GB004237',
    'volume': '26',
    'author': 'A Abnizova',
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    'unstructured': 'Abnizova A, Siemens J, Langer M, Boike J (2012) Small ponds with major impact: the relevance of ponds and lakes in permafrost landscapes to carbon dioxide emissions. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 26(2):GB2041. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004237',
    'journal-title': 'Glob Biogeochem Cycles'},
   {'issue': '1–4',
    'key': '5_CR3',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '183',
    'DOI': '10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.024',
    'volume': '209',
    'author': 'L Agafonov',
    'year': '2004',
    'unstructured': 'Agafonov L, Strunk H, Nuber T (2004) Thermokarst dynamics in Western Siberia: insights from dendrochronological research. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 209(1–4):183–196',
    'journal-title': 'Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol'},
   {'issue': '3',
    'key': '5_CR4',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '279',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.626',
    'volume': '19',
    'author': 'HJ Åkerman',
    'year': '2008',
    'unstructured': 'Åkerman HJ, Johansson M (2008) Thawing permafrost and thicker active layers in sub-arctic Sweden. Permafr Periglac Process 19(3):279–292',
    'journal-title': 'Permafr Periglac Process'},
   {'issue': '15',
    'key': '5_CR5',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref',
    'first-page': '2422',
    'DOI': '10.1002/hyp.8019',
    'volume': '25',
    'author': 'CD Arp',
    'year': '2011',
    'unstructured': 'Arp CD, Jones BM, Urban FE, Grosse G (2011) Hydrogeomorphic processes of thermokarst lakes with grounded-ice and floating-ice regimes on the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska. Hydrol Process 25(15):2422–2438',
    'journal-title': 'Hydrol Process'},
   {'issue': '16',
    'key': '5_CR6',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2012GL052518',
    'volume': '39',
    'author': 'CD Arp',
    'year': '2012',
    'unstructured': 'Arp CD, Jones BM, Lu Z, Whitman MS (2012) Shifting balance of thermokarst lake ice regimes across the Arctic coastal plain of northern Alaska. Geophys Res Lett 39(16):L16503. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052518',
    'journal-title': 'Geophys Res Lett'},
   {'issue': '12',
    'key': '5_CR7',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '6358',
    'DOI': '10.1002/2016GL068506',
    'volume': '43',
    'author': 'CD Arp',
    'year': '2016',
    'unstructured': 'Arp CD, Jones BM, Grosse G, Bondurant AC, Romanovsky VE, Hinkel KM, Parsekian AD (2016) Threshold sensitivity of shallow Arctic lakes and sublake permafrost to changing winter climate. Geophys Res Lett 43(12):6358–6365',
    'journal-title': 'Geophys Res Lett'},
   {'issue': '11',
    'key': '5_CR8',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '3341',
    'DOI': '10.5194/bg-8-3341-2011',
    'volume': '8',
    'author': 'S Audry',
    'year': '2011',
    'unstructured': 'Audry S, Pokrovsky O, Shirokova L, Kirpotin S, Dupré B (2011) Organic matter mineralization and trace element post-depositional redistribution in Western Siberia thermokarst lake sediments. Biogeosciences 8(11):3341–3358',
    'journal-title': 'Biogeosciences'},
   {'issue': '7',
    'key': '5_CR9',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '444',
    'DOI': '10.1038/ngeo1160',
    'volume': '4',
    'author': 'CA Avis',
    'year': '2011',
    'unstructured': 'Avis CA, Weaver AJ, Meissner KJ (2011) Reduction in areal extent of high-latitude wetlands in response to permafrost thaw. Nat Geosci 4(7):444',
    'journal-title': 'Nat Geosci'},
   {'issue': '9',
    'key': '5_CR10',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '598',
    'DOI': '10.1038/ngeo618',
    'volume': '2',
    'author': 'TJ Battin',
    'year': '2009',
    'unstructured': 'Battin TJ, Luyssaert S, Kaplan LA, Aufdenkampe AK, Richter A, Tranvik LJ (2009) The boundless carbon cycle. Nat Geosci 2(9):598',
    'journal-title': 'Nat Geosci'},
   {'issue': '5',
    'key': '5_CR11',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2003GL019251',
    'volume': '31',
    'author': 'R Benner',
    'year': '2004',
    'unstructured': 'Benner R, Benitez-Nelson B, Kaiser K, Amon RM (2004) Export of young terrigenous dissolved organic carbon from rivers to the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 31(5):L05305. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL019251',
    'journal-title': 'Geophys Res Lett'},
   {'issue': '22',
    'key': '5_CR12',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2009GL039225',
    'volume': '36',
    'author': 'V Bense',
    'year': '2009',
    'unstructured': 'Bense V, Ferguson G, Kooi H (2009) Evolution of shallow groundwater flow systems in areas of degrading permafrost. Geophys Res Lett 36(22):L22041. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039225',
    'journal-title': 'Geophys Res Lett'},
   {'issue': '21',
    'key': '5_CR13',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': 'n/a-n/a',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2004GL021277',
    'volume': '31',
    'author': 'Svetlana Berezovskaya',
    'year': '2004',
    'unstructured': 'Berezovskaya S, Yang D, Kane DL (2004) Compatibility analysis of precipitation and runoff trends over the large Siberian watersheds. Geophys Res Lett 31(21):L21502. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021277',
    'journal-title': 'Geophysical Research Letters'},
   {'issue': '7501',
    'key': '5_CR14',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '479',
    'DOI': '10.1038/nature13259',
    'volume': '509',
    'author': 'R Bintanja',
    'year': '2014',
    'unstructured': 'Bintanja R, Selten F (2014) Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat. Nature 509(7501):479–483',
    'journal-title': 'Nature'},
   {'issue': '3',
    'key': '5_CR15',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '160',
    'DOI': '10.1002/ppp.1769',
    'volume': '24',
    'author': 'BK Biskaborn',
    'year': '2013',
    'unstructured': 'Biskaborn BK, Herzschuh U, Bolshiyanov DY, Schwamborn G, Diekmann B (2013) Thermokarst processes and depositional events in a tundra lake, northeastern Siberia. Permafr Periglac Process 24(3):160–174',
    'journal-title': 'Permafr Periglac Process'},
   {'issue': '1',
    'key': '5_CR16',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '264',
    'DOI': '10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4',
    'volume': '10',
    'author': 'BK Biskaborn',
    'year': '2019',
    'unstructured': 'Biskaborn BK, Smith SL, Noetzli J, Matthes H, Vieira G, Streletskiy DA, Schoeneich P, Romanovsky VE, Lewkowicz AG, Abramov A (2019) Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nat Commun 10(1):264',
    'journal-title': 'Nat Commun'},
   {'issue': '4',
    'key': '5_CR17',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '1296',
    'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02110.x',
    'volume': '16',
    'author': 'D Blok',
    'year': '2010',
    'unstructured': 'Blok D, Heijmans MM, Schaepman-Strub G, Kononov A, Maximov T, Berendse F (2010) Shrub expansion may reduce summer permafrost thaw in Siberian tundra. Glob Chang Biol 16(4):1296–1305',
    'journal-title': 'Glob Chang Biol'},
   {'issue': '7',
    'key': '5_CR18',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '1055',
    'DOI': '10.1007/s10021-011-9463-5',
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    'year': '2011',
    'unstructured': 'Blok D, Heijmans MMPD, Schaepman-Strub G, van Ruijven J, Parmentier FJW, Maximov TC, Berendse F (2011) The cooling capacity of mosses: controls on water and energy fluxes in a Siberian tundra site. Ecosystems 14(7):1055–1065. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9463-5',
    'journal-title': 'Ecosystems'},
   {'key': '5_CR19',
    'unstructured': 'Boike J, Wille C, Abnizova A (2008) Climatology and summer energy and water balance of polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia. J Geophys Res 113(G3). \nhttps://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000540',
    'DOI': '10.1029/2007jg000540',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher'},
   {'issue': '20',
    'key': '5_CR20',
    'doi-asserted-by': 'publisher',
    'first-page': '5941',
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